Best to start with a new chain. Measure in several places around the chain. Believe me they do vary, I was surprised but they do vary. If you get a reading that is unexpectedly large or small, then check it again. Then once you have a number of readings that you are happy with, take the average.
Vernier calipers look easy to use, but you are looking at measurements in the thousandths of an inch over the distance available to you, so you need good technique.
For those without a vernier caliper (or can't be arsed to use one) and don't mind taking the chain off, then measure it directly, as follows.
Lay the chain out on a flat surface (newspaper on the kitchen worktop?). Pull the chain taut to remove the slack and then measure pin-to-pin over 100 links with a steel tape measure. That will be 50", so 0.5% "wear" will be 0.25". A steel tape measure will easily be able to measure that with sufficient accuracy. It is best done with someone else holding the idiot end to ensure that the centre line of (say) the 10" marker is exactly over the pin. You can then look at the 60" end of the tape and get an accurate reading over 50". In the above example, that would be 60.25". No need to do averages and checking outliers, the 50" distance does that all for you.

Thanks very much for the advice.
O.25% = 1/8"
0.5% = 1/4"
0.75% = 3/8"
And so forth.