Cassette wear: new vs used pics.
If you zoom and compare the teeth, you can see several things:
# There are a lot of noticeable burrs on the teeth on the worn cassette. These can snag on the chain and it is less likely that you will get crisp instant shifting.
# The burrs are a symptom of a huge amount of pressure on the tooth by the chain. The pressure has moved the metal of the tooth sideways to form the burr. Increase your cadence to reduce the pressure and extend cassette life.
# Big burrs mean that the tooth face is no longer the shape that it was, because material has been taken away to form the burrs.
# Because the tooth face is different, the round chain roller no longer sits nicely into the tooth hollow. The roller is supposed to just sit there and not move as the cassette rotates. The pin on the chain rolls inside the roller, which is why the oil needs to be in there and not on the outside of the roller. The roller starts to slide up and down the tooth instead.
# As the roller slides it adds to the wear on the face of the tooth and further hollows it out. Eventually, the tooth can end up very pointed and hooked, hence the term "shark finning".
# Don't confuse a tooth that is meant to be pointed with one that has been worn such that it looks pointed. If you look at the new cassette you will see on the same ring pointed and square topped teeth. This is a feature of the design to get smooth shifting.
# Shark fins are another clear sign of a worn cassette. None on the example above.
# A tooth that is pointed through wear will almost always have shark finning.
This pic shows shark finning and burrs.
The old gear is in the front. Compare the tooth profile with the new one behind it. Is that shark finning or what! No pointed teeth though, even when as worn as this. But this is a single front ring, so not designed for shifting, hence no pointed teeth to start with.
I did try filing the burrs off, but the tooth profile was so worn that it didn't improve matters much at all.
Here is another front ring that is so worn that I'm surprised it worked at all. It didn't once I put a new chain on it! The chain worked fine on the workstand, but as soon as any pressure was put on it - off it came! I would have put the old chain back on, but by this time I was 80 miles from home and was fortunate enough to be able to find a replacement ring at the local bikeshop and fit it in the car park. For the avoidance of doubt the new one is at the back. Can you see the missing tooth? (err, I mean the gap where it should have been).